Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of dissolved organic matter from eight dominant aquatic macrophytes in Lake Dianchi, China

The aim of this research was to determine and compare the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of dissolved organic matters (DOM) from eight aquatic macrophytes in a eutrophic lake. C, H, N, and P in ground dry leaves and C, N, and P in DOM of the species were determined, and C/N, C/P, C/H, DOC/C, TDN/N, TDP/P, DOC/TDN, and DOC/TDP were calculated. Chemical structures of the DOM were characterized by the use of multiple techniques including UV-visible, FT-IR, and ¹³C CP/MAS spectra. The results showed subtle differences in quantity and quality of DOM among species and life-forms. Except oriental pepper which had a C/H of 0.7, C/H of all the other species was 0.6. C/N and C/P of ground leaves was 10.5–17.3 and 79.4–225.3, respectively, which were greater in floating and submerged species than in the others. Parrot feather also had a small C/P (102.8). DOC/C, TDN/N, and TDP/P were 7.6–16.8, 5.5–22.6, and 22.9–45.6 %, respectively. Except C/N in emergent and riparian species, C/N in the other species and C/P in all the species were lower in their DOM than in the ground leaves. DOM of the macrophytes had a SUVA₂₅₄ value of 0.83–1.80. The FT-IR and ¹³C NMR spectra indicated that the DOM mainly contained polysaccharides and/or amino acids/proteins. Percent of carbohydrates in the DOM was 37.3–66.5 % and was highest in parrot feather (66.5 %) and crofton weed (61.5 %). DOM of water hyacinth, water lettuce, and sago pondweed may have the greatest content of proteins. Aromaticity of the DOM was from 6.9 % in water lettuce to 17.8 % in oriental pepper. DOM of the macrophytes was also different in polarity and percent of Ar–OH. Distinguished characteristics in quantity and quality of the macrophyte-derived DOM may induce unique environmental consequences in the lake systems.     

PM10-PM2.5冲击采样器的研制与开发

在颗粒物研究中,分级采样是一种常用的监测方法,而冲击采样器是颗粒物分级采样的重要仪器.根据斯托克斯数,对PM10-PM2.5冲击采样器设计参数进行了详细分析,并对PM10-PM2.5的捕集效率特征进行了分析.结果表明,PM10-PM2.5冲击采样器具备理想的PM10和PM2.5捕集效率,PM10冲击采样器、PM2.5冲击采样器切割粒径分别为9.94、2.43μm,均在其允许误差范围内.     

大气光化学烟雾反应机理比较(Ⅰ)O3和NOx的比较

在相同初始和排放条件下,对四种应用较广的光化学烟雾反应机理(CB4-99,RADM2,RACM,SAPRC99)进行了比较.研究发现对于O3,在低VOCs/NOx时,四种机理模拟结果相关较小,平均相对标准偏差为7%,在高VOCs/NOx时,平均相对标准偏差为26%,差距较大;对于NOx,多数情况下RACM和RADM2的模拟结果较高,CB4-99和SAPRC99的模拟值偏低,其原因主要来源于不同机理中O3的生成对NOx及VOCs的敏感性不同而造成的.在用模式模拟O3和NOx时,应特别注意机理不同而带来的模拟结果差异.     

温度对17α-乙炔雌二醇在SBR工艺中去除效果的影响

17a-乙炔雌二醇(EE2)属于人工合成雌激素,是活性较强的环境内分泌干扰物之一.在污水处理厂中,EE2主要是通过活性污泥的生物降解作用得以去除.影响活性污泥对EE2生物降解的因素很多,温度是影响因素之一.分别采用一级缺氧/好氧(A/O)模式和三级缺氧/好氧(A/O/A/O/A/O)模式运行的SBR工艺.考察了温度对EE2去除的影响.试验发现,随着温度的升高,EE2在水相和泥相中的去除率明显增加,其中在30℃时EE2去除率达到最大,2种运行模式下水相中EE2去除率均达到了96%以上;泥相是EE2生物降解的主要场所;EE2生物降解主要发生在好氧阶段,缺氧阶段EE2生物降解效果不明显.     

混凝法深度处理印染废水中试研究

采用"高效混凝沉淀-过滤"深度处理工艺处理印染废水二级生化出水,并将混凝沉淀污泥回流.实验结果表明,混凝剂聚合氯化铝加入量为160 mg/L时,COD去除率平均可达34.6%,TP去除率平均达到87.9%,平均出水TP为0.3 mg/L.气相色谱-质谱分析和元素分析结果表明混凝沉淀工艺对有机物和TP的去除效果良好.     

钢桁架-钢筋混凝土管柱结构风参数试验研究

结构下部空旷,上部挡风墙承担的风荷载对结构下部产生较大作用。我国规范没有对该类结构及其顶部透气性A型架的风参数作具体规定。为解决工程设计中风参数取值问题,进行了刚性模型风洞试验研究,得到了不同工况下挡风墙、A型架、管柱的体型系数及挡风墙的阵风系数,分析了风机、周围建筑物、风向角对相关风参数的影响,给出了相关参数的建议值。并将试验结果与数值模拟计算结果进行了对比分析,结果表明,二者吻合较好,研究结果为工程设计提供了基础资料,可供同类工程参考。     

Geological emission of methane from the Yakela condensed oil/gas field in Talimu Basin, Xinjiang, China

A static flux chamber method was applied to study natural emissions of methane into the atmosphere in the Yakela condensed oil/gas field in Talimu Basin, Xinjiang, China. Using an online method, which couples a gas chromatography/high-temperature conversion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/MS) together, the 13C/12C ratios of methane in the flux chambers were measured. The results demonstrated that methane gases were liable to migrate from deep oil/gas reservoir to the surface through microseepage and p...     

上海市供水管网中异养菌生长水平及相关指标变化

以上海市某水厂实际供水管网为研究对象,对其管网水中异养菌生长水平和其它相关物理、化学指标的变化规律进行了检测分析.结果表明,在所研究供水管段中,悬浮水中所含细菌主要是以有机物为营养的异养菌;随着供水距离延长,悬浮水中BDOC逐渐增加,伴随异养菌数量和浊度呈增加趋势;在研究管段中,悬浮水中各形态氮的变化表明水中存在一定的亚硝化作用,而且亚硝酸盐含量同异养菌具有相同的升高变化趋势;管网水中总磷含量与异养菌数量也随供水距离延长同时增加.     

水样中挥发酚测定的边界条件探讨

在环境水质监测中,水中挥发酚的测定是最重要的有机监测项目。水样测定中首选测定方法是4-氨基安替比林光度法。在水样预处理和分析操作过程中,既要严格执行操作技术规程,更要充分考虑分析过程中的关键技术、边界条件等一些因素的影响,特别要考虑4-氨基安替比林的空白值、显色剂的稳定性、pH值的影响及缓冲液的使用等以保证实验的顺利进行和分析数据真实准确有效。     

蚯蚓对重金属污染土壤中铅的富集研究

蚯蚓在陆地生态系统中具有十分重要的功能,利用蚯蚓处理重金属污染土壤是一种新型的绿色生物技术。实验通过测定重金属污染土壤中不同铅浓度梯度下蚯蚓在培养期内对铅富集量的研究,结果表明：蚯蚓对铅有较强的富集作用,且随铅浓度的增加,蚯蚓体内的富集量也增加;单住质量蚯蚓培养期内吸收铅量与铅浓度梯度表现出极显著性差异,说明蚯蚓可以作为检测重金属污染土壤中铅的重要生物指标,论证了在重金属污染土壤动物修复中引入蚯蚓的可行性。